The PPI Resources include notes and analysis published by the PPI Database team. Regular features include half-yearly global update notes, as well as yearly regional and sector updates, and occasional analysis on topics of interest such as PPI in IDA countries.
The first half of 2023 painted a multifaceted landscape for PPI. Investment commitments declined by 7% compared to the sameperiod in 2022, totaling $36.4 billion in 44 countries
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The recovery of PPI that began after the COVID-19 pandemic has continued into 2022. In total, private sector investment commitments reached US$91.7 billion across 263 projects, equivalent to 0.25 percent of the GDP of all low- and middle-income countries.
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In the first half (H1) of 2022, global PPI investment saw a continued increase compared with the first halves of 2020 and 2021, with the H1 2022 investments nearly double those of H1 2020.
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Private investment commitments in low- and middle-income countries1 in 2021 totaled US$76.2 billion across 240 projects
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COVID-19’s global impact on infrastructure was widespread and swift. Investment commitments in infrastructure with private participation in 2020 stood at US$45.7 billion across 252 projects, marking a 52 percent decline from 2019 levels
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Investment commitments in 2019 stood at US$96.7 billion across 409 projects, marking a slight decline of three percent from 2018 levels. Private investment commitments occurred in 62 countries, which is the highest number in last decade.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) investment in H1 2019, which stood at US$49.8 billion across 175 projects, marked an increase of 14 percent from H1 2018 levels. Investment levels in H1 2019 were higher than the five-year H1 average at US$42.2 billion.
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Total investment commitments in MSW Sector with private participation in emerging market and developing economies in the last ten years (2009-2018) totals US$2.87 billion across 353 transactions, which accounts for 2 percent of global investment in PPI.
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In 2018, private investment commitments in energy, transport, information and communication technologies (ICT) backbone, and water infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries totaled US$90.0 billion across 335 projects in 41 countries. Although a slight decline of three percent compared to 2017 levels, the total investment for 2018 still shows a recovery from the 10-year low of US$71.0 billion in 2016.
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PPI investment in H1 2018, which stood at US$43.5 billion across 164 projects, marked an increase of seven percent from H1 2017 levels, but it is still 13 percent lower than the 10-year H1 average investment level.
Blog: Subtle but significant changes to private infrastructure investment in first half of 2018 | Read more (6001 KB PDF)
Investment commitments involving private participation in low and middle-income countries for energy, transport and water infrastructure totaled US$93.3 billion across 305 projects in 2017. While this is a 37 percent increase over 2016 level, it is still the second-lowest level of investment in the past 10 years and is 15 percent lower than the averages of the past five years.
Blog: New data reveals uptick in private investment in 2017 in EMDEs | Read more
Current levels of institutional investor activity in new infrastructure deals are quite low at only 0.7% of total private participation in infrastructure investment in EMDEs. From 2011 to the first half of 2017, 41 projects received institutional investor contribution.
Blog: Behold the White Knights! Institutional Investor Contribution to EMDE Private Infrastructure Investments at financial close | Read more
Investment commitments involving private participation in low and middle-income countries for energy, transport and water infrastructure totaled US$36.7 billion across 132 projects in H1 2017. While this marked an increase of 24 percent over H1 2016 levels, it is still 15 percent lower than the half-year averages of the past five years.
Blog: Slight bump in half-year private investment in infrastructure: a sign of recovery? | Read more (1270.7 KB PDF)
PPI investments in IDA countries (i.e. countries with less than per capita income of US$1,165) totaled US$7.9 billion across 35 projects in 17 countries in 2017, compared to US$2.9 billion in 2016 across 18 projects in 10 countries.
Blog: New report on private capital for infrastructure in the poorest countries: 2017 a stellar year | Read more (4215.4 KB PDF)
Investment commitments in infrastructure with private participation in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies fell sharply in 2016. The US$71.5 billion committed across 242 projects in 2016 represents a 37 percent decline compared to 2015 and a 41 percent decline to the annual average of US$121.4 billion over 2011 to 2015.
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Investment in infrastructure with private participation in developing countries totaled US$29.5 billion in H1 2016, compared with US$25.3 billion in H1 2015 at the same point in time | Read more (768.4 KB PDF)
Total investments in private infrastructure in emerging markets in 2015 remained steady at US$111.6 billion. The largest single investment commitment ever recorded was in Turkey for IGA Airport for US$35.6 billion. Solar energy investment climbed 72 percent higher than the previous five-year average to reach US$9.4 billions.
Press release | Blog | Read more (754.9 KB PDF)
Total investment commitments in MSW Sector with private participation in emerging market and developing economies in the last ten years (2009-2018) totals US$2.87 billion across 353 transactions, which accounts for 2 percent of global investment in PPI.
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PPI investment in energy in 2017 marked a 11-percent increase over 2016 levels. In 2017, investments in energy stood at US$51.9 billion across 203 projects, compared to US$46.8 billion across 183 projects in 2016
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In 2017, PPI transport investments almost doubled, and now accounts for a third of total PPI investments. US$36.5 billion was invested in 66 transport projects in 2017, compared to US$18.9 billion invested in 2016. Although the energy sector continued to be the predominant sector, transport investments accounted for a higher proportion of overall investments in 2017 compared to previous years—transport PPI investments accounted for more than a third (39 percent) of total investments in 2017 across all four sectors (energy, water, transport and information and communication technologies (ICT)), compared to only about a quarter (24 percent) in 2016.
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Declining water and sewerage investments in 2017. The 2017 sectoral investment level at US$1.9 billion across 30 projects, not only represents a slight decline (seven percent) com¬pared to the 2016 levels but is also 55 percent lower than the five-year average of US$4.2 bil¬lion. In 2017, water and sewerage was the only sector to report a decline in investment levels.
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Considerably higher investment in ICT-backbone1 in 2017. In 2017, PPI investment in ICT-backbone projects reached US$3.0 billion across six projects. This is six times the 2016 investment level of US$462 million and twice the previous 10-year average of US$1.3 billion. The PPI investment commitment in the ICT-backbone sector in 2017 accounted for 3.2 percent of the total PPI investment, compared to 1.3 percent over the past 10 years.
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Total investment in energy projects with private participation in 2015 in low- and middle-income countries was US$37.6 billion, 50 percent below the five-year average of US$74.7 billion.
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Total investment in transport projects with private participation in emerging countries in 2015 was US$69.9 billion, 53 percent above the five-year average of US$45.6 billion.
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In 2015, total investment in water projects in developing countries was US$4.1 billion, 8% higher than the five-year average of US$3.8 billion (2010-2014).
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Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) in energy decreased 19% from US$59.4 billion in 2013 to US$48.2 billion in 2014.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) in telecom decreased 6% from US$60.4 billion in 2013 to US$56.6 billion in 2014.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) in transport increased 42% from US$38.8 billion in 2013 to US$55.3 billion in 2014.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) in water increased 14% from US$3.6 billion in 2013 to US$4.1 billion in 2014.
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In 2015, PPI investment increased by 151%.
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In 2015, PPI investment decreased by 16%.
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In 2015, PPI investment increased by 235%.
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In 2015, PPI investment decreased by 49%.
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In 2015, PPI investment decreased by 25%.
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In 2015, PPI investment decreased by 9%.
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Infrastructure development is a critical factor for a country’s long-term growth and economic development. Well-designed and efficiently implemented investments in infrastructure can promote economic growth and improve access to basic services that boost quality of life
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2017 was a stellar year for PPI investments in IDA countries. Private participation in infrastructure (PPI) investments1 in IDA countries totaled US$7.9 billion across 35 projects in 17 countries in 2017, compared to US$2.9 billion in 2016 across 18 projects in 10 countries. IDA countries accounted for 8.5 percent of total PPI investment in 2017, up from 4.3 percent in 2016.
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A growing body of quantitative research on public-private partnership (PPP) performance, particularly for long-term infrastructure contracts, attends to factors that influence the level of investments in PPP and PPP performance over time.
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After 2010, favorable government policies led to a surge of low-carbon projects. The percentage of low-carbon projects receiving government support grew from 3% before 2010 to 51% afterwards. The distribution of new project investments shifted in favor of low-carbon—prior to 2010, distribution was even, but after 2010, the number of new low-carbon PPI projects (1,915) was more than double that of conventional ones (815).
Blog: Low-carbon infrastructure: an essential solution to climate change? | Read more
Over 85 publications draw their analyses from the PPI Database and these have been categorized by sector, region, and themes. With the click of a button, a vast resource of information on infrastructure investments is now accessible to all.
Blog: PPI Database users leave their mark on the resources section | Read more
Access the data on how PPPs in low and middle income countries were financed in 2015, with information on public and private financing withbreakdowns by region and sector.
Blog: How are PPPs really financed? | Read more (992.4 KB PDF)
During 2011-2015, PPI investments amounted to $27 billion across 143 projects concentrated in 24 out of the 56 IDA countries.
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Private investment in infrastructure in IDA countries from 2009 to 2014 totaled US$73 billion.
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Since 2005, Australian companies have focused on energy projects.
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Energy is the most active sector, and Shell is the most active sponsor.
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Korean sponsors focus on energy in East Asia and the Pacific.
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Norwegian companies are active in telecom and energy projects.
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Singapore based companies sponsor many water projects in China, but are diversified across telecom, transport and energy projects.
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In 2012 private activity increased by 19%.
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Private investment concentrate in energy and transport sectors.
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Private investment grew by 50 percent and was concentrated in Brazil.
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Infrastructure recovers from a 20-year low driven by energy sector.
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Private infrastructure drop by 20 percent to pre Financial Crisis levels.
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Private investments in energy sector rise to highest level since 1990.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in East Asia and Pacific in the Last Decade, 2000-2010.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Europe and Central Asia in the Last Decade, 2000-2010.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Last Decade, 2000-2010.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Middle East and North Africa in the Last Decade, 2000-2010.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in South Asia in the Last Decade, 2000-2010.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Last Decade, 2000-2010.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in East Asia and Pacific in the Last Decade, 2000-2009.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Europe and Central Asia in the Last Decade, 2000-2009.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Last Decade, 2000-2009.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Middle East and North Africa in the Last Decade, 2000-2009.
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An overview of global trends by sector and region in private participation in infrastructure projects in 2013.
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Energy PPI in emerging markets drops 25% due to India and Brazil; Investment in Turkey rises threefold.
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in South Asia in the Last Decade, 2000-2009.
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PPI in telecom, in 2013 led all sectors in volume. Mobile access attracted more than 50% of all Telecom PPI.
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Global PPI in transport decreases by 39% from 2012, India by 85%.
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Top five countries attract all of the PPI in Water and Wastewater..
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Private Participation in Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Last Decade, 2000-2009.
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Global telecom investments 15% down compared to 2011 levels.
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Private activity in Brazil spurs investments by 50 percent in 2012.
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Investment in transport increased by 42% in 2012, led by road projects.
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Investments in energy projects grew by 4 % in 2012.
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A total of US$38 billion in investment commitments, 107 infrastructure projects. Note 85.
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Private infrastructure investment commitments by Singapore sponsors total US$38 billion. Note 85
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Private investment commitments to infrastructure in the developing world rise by 4 percent in 2012. Note 85
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Private activity in infrastructure in South Asia slowed down across the board, most significantly in the energy sector. Note 84
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Private activity in infrastructure in the Middle East and North Africa drops to 15-year low. Note 83
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In 2011 Private investment in Latin American Infrastructure grows in the energy sector and in Brazil. Note 82
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In 2011 Private activity in infrastructure in Europe and Central Asia picks up. Note 81
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In 2011 private activity in East Asia and Pacific slows down. Note 80
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In 2011 total private investment fell by 13%, a six year low. Note 79
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Private activity in telecommunications twenty percent down in 2011. Note 77
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Private investment in water and sewerage recovers in 2011, mostly due to activity in China. Note 76
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Private investment in transport increases in 2011, focusing on the road and rail sectors. Note 75
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In 2011 total private investment in energy decreased by 11% compared to last year. Note 74
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Private Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa in the first half of 2011 increased compared to recent years. Note 73
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Private Investment in IDA countries in the first half of 2011 was concentrated in a few, large projects. Note 72
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Private investment in large Transport projects increases in India and the road sector during the first semester of 2011. Note 71
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Private activity in Water and Sewerage continues to contract in the first semester of 2011. Note 70
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Private activity in Energy projects decreased in the first semester of 2011. Note 69
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Private activity in Infrastructure slowed down in the first semester of 2011. Note 68
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PPI activity in Sub-Saharan Africa remained stable in 2010. Note 61
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PPI activity in South Asia reached a new peak for fifth consecutive year in 2010 thanks to India. Note 60
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PPI activity in the Middle East and North Africa remained stable at low levels for third consecutive year 2010. Note 59
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PPI activity in Latin America and the Caribbean declined sharply but became more dispersed in 2010. Note 58
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PPI activity in Europe and Central Asia remained stable in 2010. Note 57
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PPI activity in East Asia and Pacific declined for third consecutive year in 2010. Note 56
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Private activity in infrastructure up but remained very selective. Note 55
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PPI activity in telecommunications recovered but remained below pre-financial crisis level in 2010. Note 54
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Private activity in energy remained at a peak level but was highly concentrated in 2010. Note 53
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Korean investment concentrates on energy projects. Note 52
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High level of private activity in energy, transport, and water in IDA countries in 2010. Note 51
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Private activity in transport returns to pre-crisis level in 2010. Note 50
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Private activity in water remains subdue in 2010. Note 49
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PPI activity in Sub-Saharan Africa fell sharply in 2009. Note 48
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PPI activity in South Asia reached a new peak driven by activity in India. Note 47
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PPI activity in Middle East and North Africa remained stable in 2009. Note 46
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PPI activity in Latin America and the Caribbean grew strongly in 2009 due to activity in Brazil. Note 45
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PPI activity in Europe and Central Asia fell sharply in 2009. Note 44
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PPI activity in East Asia and Pacific declined in 2009. Note 43
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Investment commitments to infrastructure projects with private participation in developing countries amounted to US$153 billion in 2009, Note 42 December 2010.
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Investment commitments to private telecom projects in developing countries fell by 23% to US$60.8 billion in 2009. Note 41 December 2010.
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In 2009, 139 energy projects with private participation involving investment of US$58.5 billion reached closure in 21 low- and middle-income countries. Note 40 November 2010.
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In 2009, 139 energy projects with private participation involving investment of US$58.5 billion reached closure in 21 low- and middle-income countries. Note 40 November 2010.
In 2009, 20 developing countries implemented 50 transport projects with private participation, involving investment of almost US$19.2 billion. Note 39 September 2010.
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In 2009, 20 developing countries implemented 50 transport projects with private participation, involving investment of almost US$19.2 billion. Investment commitments to new PPI projects reaching closure fell by 25% in the first quarter of 2010 compared with the same quarter of 2008. The absence of unusually large projects explains the investment decline. Investment continues to concentrate in energy projects in a few countries and, Note 38 Sep 2010.
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In 2009 seven developing countries implemented 35 water projects with private participation, involving investment of almost US$2 billion. Note 37 June 2010.
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Investment commitments to PPI projects reaching closure grew by 15% in the fourth quarter of 2009 compared with the same period of 2008, and by 15% in 2009 as a whole. But investment grew selectively, concentrated in large energy projects in a few countries, Note 36 May 2010.
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New private infrastructure activity in developing countries recovered selectively in the third quarter of 2009 – Update 5
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Investment commitments reached a new peak in Sub-Saharan Africa while the number of new projects declined in 2008.
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Investment commitments reached a new peak in South Asia while the number of new projects declined in 2008.
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Investment commitments and the number of new projects in the Middle East and North Africa declined in 2008.
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Investment commitments remained stable in Latin America while the number of new projects declined in 2008.
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Investment commitments remained at peak level in Europe and Central Asia while the number of new projects declined in 2008.
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Investment commitments and the number of new projects declined in East Asia and Pacific in 2008.
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Investment commitments to infrastructure projects with private participation in developing countries amounted to US$154.4 billion in 2008.
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Private telecom projects in developing countries grew by 1% to US$78.1 billion in 2008.
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In 2008, 86 energy projects with private participation reached financial or contractual closure in 23 low- and middle-income countries.
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In 2008, 56 transport projects with private participation reached financial or contractual closure in 26 low- and middle-income countries.
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Investments to new PPI projects recovered in the first half of 2009 thanks to the electricity sector, but the crisis continues to impact new projects - Update 4.
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In 2008 nine developing countries implemented 65 water projects with private participation, involving investment of more than US$3.1 billion.
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Developing countries continue to implement new private infrastructure projects, but the financial crisis has slowed down the project closure rate - Update 3.
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New private infrastructure projects in developing countries continue to take place but projects are being affected by the financial crisis. Assessment of the impact of the crisis on new PPI projects – Update 2.
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New private infrastructure projects have started being affected by the financial crisis. First assessment of the impact of the crisis on new PPI projects.
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Investment commitments in Sub-Saharan Africa amounted to US$11 billion in 2007, the second highest level since 1990.
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Investment commitments in South Asia remained at the peak range of US$28–29 billion in 2007.
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Investment commitments in Middle East and North Africa reached a new peak of US$12.8 billion in 2007.
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Investment commitments in Latin America and Caribbean continued to recover, amounting to US$38.3 billion in 2007.
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Investment commitments in Europe and Central Asia doubled to US$45.5 billion in 2007, reaching its highest level.
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Investment commitments in East Asia and Pacific remained in the US$19–21 billion range in 2007 for third consecutive year.
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After growing for four consecutive years, investment commitments to infrastructure projects with private participation reached a new peak (US$158 billion) in 2007.
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Investment commitments to telecom projects with private participation in developing countries amounted to US$75 billion in 2007, a new peak.
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Energy saw investments doubling in 2007. 107 energy projects with private participation involving investment commitments of US$39.8 billion reached financial or contractual closure in 30 developing countries.
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Although the number of new private transport projects declined in 2007, investment commitments remained around the peak level reached in 2006.
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In 2007, 62 water projects with private participation reached financial or contractual closure in 14 developing countries, according to the PPI database.
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In 2006, investment commitments to private infrastructure projects grew for third consecutive year, according to the PPI Database.
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In 2006 investment commitments to telecoms remained at the peak level reached in 2005, according to the PPI database.
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In 2006, investment commitments to private energy projects totaled US$19 billion, a level similar to those of the previous two years, according to the PPI database.
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Private activity in transport shows strong growth in 2006..
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Private activity in water shows mixed results in 2006.
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Private activity in infrastructure shows mixed results in 2005.
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Investment flows to transport projects with private participation grew strongly in 2005.
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Private activity in water shows mixed results in 2005.
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