Source: Utilities Policy 19 (2): 104–14.

Using data on public procurement auctions for water and sewage projects in developing countries, this paper shows that bidder entry is crucially endogenous, especially because it is determined by the auctioneer's bundling and unbundling strategy. Using the World Bank PPI database, it find that the top 10 percent largest firms are awarded about half of total infrastructure public–private partnership contracts.

Source: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 137 (7): 498–511.

The principal objective of this research is to identify combinations of country, project, and stakeholder factors that are associated with the emergence of legal and political conflict within natural gas and oil pipeline projects and water supply concessions and leases. The analysis includes data from 26 infrastructure projects spanning 31 countries. The water-supply sector cases were drawn from two databases - the World Bank’s PPI database and the Project Finance International project database. Overall, the study findings suggest that several factors associated with conflict in infrastructure projects can be minimized with careful project design.

Source: International Journal of Water Resources Development 27 (1): 83–99.

This paper examines the recent trends in the development of wastewater infrastructure. It then discusses the investment needs and reviews the potential sources of funding, before turning to recent trends in private-sector participation in water and wastewater treatment infrastructure and the framework conditions to make this participation work in the public interest. It uses the World Bank PPI database to determine China's private participation in the wastewater sector.

Source: CESifo Economic Studies 58 (2): 450–70.

This article discusses the potential of private sector participation (PSP) to improve the urban water supply in South Asia. Empirical evidence from urban Africa (in part using data from the World Bank PPI database) is presented to show PSP in water is associated with a lower incidence of diarrheal disease and higher rates of access to piped water among young children.

Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103 (2): 253–60.

This article documents the increasingly variegated pattern of urban water supply privatization since the 1990s. The analysis cautions against sweeping generalizations of post neoliberalism often associated with putative alternatives to private water supply. Private sector involvement within water supply, in terms of numbers and investments, was estimated from the World Bank PPI database.

Source: Comparative Political Studies 44 (6): 771–803.

The paper focuses on the interplay of trade and politics—both international and domestic—as the primary driving forces behind improvements in (or constraints to) water access. Empirical evidence from 77 developing countries and case studies of Vietnam and India provide support for this hypothesis. Water privatization data was drawn from the World Bank PPI database to test the hypothesis that privatization exacerbated inequality and prevented water access.

Source: International Journal of Water Resources Development 33 (1): 4–30.

This article reviews the development of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in water services in Asia over the last two decades and situates the Asian experience within the wider global context. Through a comparative analysis of PPP data from two different sources (the World Bank PPI Database and the Private Sector Participation in Water Database maintained by Global Water Intelligence), the article highlights the critical issue of how ‘private’ is defined in understanding the extent of PPP in Asia, due to the important role played by enterprises under mixed public and private ownership.

Source: Trabajo Presentado En El Seminario Del Departamento de Ciencia Política, UTDT, Buenos Aires.

The paper examines variation in the conditions for and longevity of private investment in thirty electricity and water utilities in Argentina after a deep crisis that triggered ‘obsolescing bargains.’ It argues that investors’ prior choices regarding portfolio structure affect their post-crisis experiences. The World Bank PPI database is used to estimate the number of privatized state enterprises in the two sectors in developing countries in the 1990s

Source: World Development 40 (12): 2552–63.

This paper examines why private participation in infrastructure in water continues to be promoted despite poor results in developing countries. The global evidence of capital investment across regions and sectors is drawn from the World Bank PPI Database for the period 1991–2009. It argues that the main characteristics of infrastructure discourage private investment and necessitate state subsidies which dilute private risks and incentives and facilitate rent-seeking.

Source: MPRA Paper. University Library of Munich, Germany.

Given the poor access to water supply and sanitation across several regions, the present analysis attempts to estimate the demand for investment in this sector. The empirical estimates reveals that to achieve universal access to improved WSS by 2019, the stock of investment in water services should reach US $2,240 billion at 2005 prices in 2019. The present quantum and distribution of private investment in the water services sector across the sub-regions was based on the World Bank PPI database

Source: Advanced Materials Research 869–870: 488–94.

Aiming at a better understanding of the activities and trends of the private sector in the renewable energy sector of China, this study retrieved project level data from the World Bank PPI database, and examined the data from various dimensions, such as investment size, PPI type, technology, and geographical distribution. The results confirmed the high installation cost of renewable energy projects and highlighted the importance of government subsidies at present and technological advances in the long run to support the development of renewable energy.

Source: The Electricity Journal 24 (7): 57–82.

The authors focus on the timeframe 2000–2009, and utilize data from project level databases (Official Development Finance and the World Bank PPI database) and data from National Accounts (Gross Fixed Capital Formation and Foreign Direct Investments). A brief analysis of the current macro financial flows in the electricity and gas distribution sectors in developing countries suggests that the ‘funding gap’ is, at minimum, a factor of five less than that required for universal household access to electricity.

Source: Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 14 (1): 39–46.

The paper uses the World Bank PPI database to estimate the amount of private investments that have been recorded between 1990 and 2011. It details a number of success stories, including Kenya, South Africa and (potentially) Nigeria, whose policy innovations have replication potential in other Sub-Saharan African countries and beyond.

Source: Energy Policy 39 (9): 5578–87.

This paper adopts an institutional approach and attempts to identify the political endowments of Turkey in order to further analyze whether the market reforms succeeded in bringing about sufficient checks to cure the institutional problems. It uses the World Bank PPI database to analyze the private investment flows in electricity in the different regions. The results show that the current regulatory structure, especially government–regulator relations, yet fails to meet good regulatory governance criteria.

Source: Technical Notes. Inter-American Development Bank.

This paper explores the relationship between private sector participation, institutional reform, and performance of the electricity sector in 18 Latin American countries over the last four decades, using the World Bank PPI database. The results suggest that privatization is robustly associated with improvements in quality and efficiency, but not with accessibility to the service, and, that regulatory quality is strongly associated with better performance in terms of both quality and accessibility.

Source: European Academic Research 1 (2): 169–84.

The purpose of the study is to show the importance of using project finance in infrastructure investments in developing countries. The paper focusses on only the energy sector and uses data of some projects in central and eastern European countries from the World Bank PPI database. It finds that the propensity of firms to use project finance is high and statistically significant when large sunk investments have state owned primary buyer firms in risky countries.

Source: International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy; Mersin 6 (3)

Using the World Bank PPI database, the paper evaluates the performance and trends of public–private partnership (PPP) in energy infrastructures at the global level and in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. It finds that the PPP growth trend traced a steady increase since the start of privatization and liberalization process that took place in most OECD countries in the 90s and peaked in 2012.

Source: Trabajo Presentado En El Seminario Del Departamento de Ciencia Política, UTDT, Buenos Aires.

The paper examines variation in the conditions for and longevity of private investment in thirty electricity and water utilities in Argentina after a deep crisis that triggered ‘obsolescing bargains.’ It argues that investors’ prior choices regarding portfolio structure affect their post-crisis experiences. The World Bank PPI database is used to estimate the number of privatized state enterprises in the two sectors in developing countries in the 1990s.

Source: Energy Economics 49 (May): 660–68.

This article explores, and empirically tests, that, in less developed countries, the independent power producers have an incentive to overstate the investment cost as an instrument to mitigate the country risk in greenfield electricity generation project. The World Bank PPI Database is used as the main source of the initial list of projects and their basic information.

Source: Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 28 (1): 226–42.

The aim of this paper is to define the relevant criteria for the evaluation of public–private partnerships for the implementation of the management partnership model in Croatian seaports. The World Bank PPI database is used to assess private sector participation in ports in the last 20 years in developing countries. The results provide point out that technical-technological and organizational development are the key criteria for a successful partnership model.

Source: Transport Policy 22 (July): 36–48.

This study compared the use of public–private partnership (PPP) policy between high speed rail projects and general infrastructure projects. Based on extensive literature reviews, drivers for adopting PPP strategy, critical success factors, and preferred risk factor allocation were collected to design a structural questionnaire for professionals in Taiwan and to elicit their PPP project experience. The World Bank PPI database was referred to in estimating the number of countries inviting private participation in infrastructure projects

Source: Transportation Planning and Technology 36 (3): 231–43.

Drawing on the World Bank PPI Database, this paper analyzes recent trends in road projects with private participation in developing and transition economies, as well as their policy implications. In addition, the paper addresses the issue of the minimum toll rate required to attract private investors.

Source: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37 (4): 1254–72.

Two large datasets were used to examine the global geography of roads, bridges, railways, urban transit, seaport and airport public–private partnerships - the Major Project Survey and the World Bank PPI database. The results show that the production of public–private partnerships worldwide has been dominated by a relatively small number of highly globalized construction contractors, engineering firms, financiers, accountancies and consultants from developed countries, who have focused their activities in a narrow set of regions.

Source: Urban Transport XXI, 146: 399–410

The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of institutional environment on the investment carried out through public–private partnerships in middle-and-low income countries for the period 1996–2011. This paper carries out a statistical analysis of the institutional environment indicators, and data of public–private investment in transport, for 80 countries, taken from the World Bank PPI database.

Source: Maritime Policy & Management 39 (1): 7–26.

The paper examines geographical differences in concessioning processes, the growth of competitive tendering, the reasons for multi-company ownership of many terminal concessions, the dominant role of shipping lines and global terminal operators, and the sale and purchase of stakes in terminal concessions after they have been awarded. The data is drawn mainly from the World Bank PPI database for individual terminals and terminal operators.

Source: Public Private Partnerships Body of Knowledge: International Conference 2013, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK , 18-20 March 2013

This conference paper is inspired by the existence of a large number of failed and flawed transportation public–private partnerships (PPPs) around the world, and investigates the cases of transportation PPPs failures observed in the past two decades, and evaluates the failure drivers, which caused the PPP failures. This research is based on case studies of failed transportation PPP projects around the world. The failure cases are identified through the World Bank PPI database and an extensive literature review.

Source: Organization Science 17 (3): 402–14.

This paper examines how firms adjust their strategy for entering foreign markets in corrupt environments and how different types of corruption affect firms’ choices. Using data from the World Bank’s PPI Database on 220 telecommunications development projects in 64 emerging economies, the results show that firms adapt to the pressures of corruption via short-term contracting and entry into joint ventures.

Source: Advanced Materials Research 869–870: 488–94.

Aiming at a better understanding of the activities and trends of the private sector in the renewable energy sector of China, this study retrieved project level data from the World Bank PPI database, and examined the data from various dimensions, such as investment size, PPI type, technology, and geographical distribution. The results confirmed the high installation cost of renewable energy projects and highlighted the importance of government subsidies at present and technological advances in the long run to support the development of renewable energy.

Source: Journal of Infrastructure Development 3 (1): 39–63

This article investigates whether the central government has been successful in directing public-private partnerships (PPPs) towards the poor regions in India. The study uses data from the World Bank PPI database to determine private investment stocks in multiple sectors across various regions in terms of an investment index. This study shows that PPPs in India contributes towards the process of uneven development.

Source: Review of African Political Economy 40 (137): 485–95.

This paper explores the nature of public private partnerships (PPPs), the extent of their use and their location by sector in Africa using data from World Bank PPI database. It also examines the arguments advanced for the promotion of PPPs and looks critically at them. It concludes that great caution should be exercised in the use of PPPs.

Source: International Journal of Water Resources Development 27 (1): 83–99.

This paper examines the recent trends in the development of wastewater infrastructure. It then discusses the investment needs and reviews the potential sources of funding, before turning to recent trends in private-sector participation in water and wastewater treatment infrastructure and the framework conditions to make this participation work in the public interest. It uses the World Bank PPI database to determine China's private participation in the wastewater sector.

Source: Economic Annals 58 (196): 51–70.

The paper analyses the recent scenario of infrastructure investment in India. It conducts an overview of the trends in infrastructure investment from the 10th Five Year Plan onwards, and tries to examine the linkage between infrastructure and economic growth. It uses the World Bank PPI database to determine the private sector investment commitments to infrastructure projects in India, Pakistan and other South Asian countries.

The ICA Annual Report 2013 shows that progress is being made in channeling more finance from regional actors, as well as international institutions, to strategic and sustainable projects. The report uses data from 2009-2013 in the World Bank PPI database to analyze the investment trends in Africa.

Source: Eastern Partnership Technical Assistance Trust Fund (EIB) Working Papers 2013/01

The paper is aimed to spotlight the key infrastructure investments issues and trends in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region. It takes stock and look at the evolution and composition of infrastructure finance in ECA, main funding institutions and international financial institutions that work in the region. Investment volumes in the region are estimated based on the available data from World Bank PPI database and other multilateral development banks.

Source: Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 14 (1): 39–46.

The paper uses the World Bank PPI database to estimate the amount of private investments that have been recorded between 1990 and 2011. It details a number of success stories, including Kenya, South Africa and (potentially) Nigeria, whose policy innovations have replication potential in other Sub-Saharan African countries and beyond.

Source: LSE Asia Research Centre Working Paper 87.

The paper stresses on the issue of accurate information on the generation of sub-national liabilities, as it is of critical importance both to generate adequate signals for investment but also for the macroeconomic management. Using the World Bank PPI database, it describes some general trends in involving the private sector in public projects. It then looks narrowly on key features of public–private partnerships and asymmetric information and finally, draws some policy conclusions.

Source: CESifo Economic Studies 58 (2): 450–70.

This article discusses the potential of private sector participation (PSP) to improve the urban water supply in South Asia. Empirical evidence from urban Africa (in part using data from the World Bank PPI database) is presented to show PSP in water is associated with a lower incidence of diarrheal disease and higher rates of access to piped water among young children.

Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103 (2): 253–60.

This article documents the increasingly variegated pattern of urban water supply privatization since the 1990s. The analysis cautions against sweeping generalizations of post neoliberalism often associated with putative alternatives to private water supply. Private sector involvement within water supply, in terms of numbers and investments, was estimated from the World Bank PPI database.

Source: Comparative Political Studies 44 (6): 771–803.

The paper focuses on the interplay of trade and politics—both international and domestic—as the primary driving forces behind improvements in (or constraints to) water access. Empirical evidence from 77 developing countries and case studies of Vietnam and India provide support for this hypothesis. Water privatization data was drawn from the World Bank PPI database to test the hypothesis that privatization exacerbated inequality and prevented water access.

Source: International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy; Mersin 6 (3)

Using the World Bank PPI database, the paper evaluates the performance and trends of public–private partnership (PPP) in energy infrastructures at the global level and in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. It finds that the PPP growth trend traced a steady increase since the start of privatization and liberalization process that took place in most OECD countries in the 90s and peaked in 2012.

Source: International Journal of Water Resources Development 33 (1): 4–30.

This article reviews the development of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in water services in Asia over the last two decades and situates the Asian experience within the wider global context. Through a comparative analysis of PPP data from two different sources (the World Bank PPI Database and the Private Sector Participation in Water Database maintained by Global Water Intelligence), the article highlights the critical issue of how ‘private’ is defined in understanding the extent of PPP in Asia, due to the important role played by enterprises under mixed public and private ownership.

Source: Transportation Planning and Technology 36 (3): 231–43.

Drawing on the World Bank PPI Database, this paper analyzes recent trends in road projects with private participation in developing and transition economies, as well as their policy implications. In addition, the paper addresses the issue of the minimum toll rate required to attract private investors.

Source: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37 (4): 1254–72.

Two large datasets were used to examine the global geography of roads, bridges, railways, urban transit, seaport and airport public–private partnerships - the Major Project Survey and the World Bank PPI database. The results show that the production of public–private partnerships worldwide has been dominated by a relatively small number of highly globalized construction contractors, engineering firms, financiers, accountancies and consultants from developed countries, who have focused their activities in a narrow set of regions.

Source: MPRA Paper. University Library of Munich, Germany.

Given the poor access to water supply and sanitation across several regions, the present analysis attempts to estimate the demand for investment in this sector. The empirical estimates reveals that to achieve universal access to improved WSS by 2019, the stock of investment in water services should reach US $2,240 billion at 2005 prices in 2019. The present quantum and distribution of private investment in the water services sector across the sub-regions was based on the World Bank PPI database.

Source: International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research 2 (6): 202–213.

This paper reviews the cancellation of privately financed infrastructure projects in the energy, telecom, water and sewerage and transport sectors in India during 1990- 2011. The analysis is based on the data obtained from World Bank PPI database, looking specifically at the investments made in India and cases of pre-closed projects. The study compares the percentage of cancellation (i.e. 1.32%) of private projects in India to its neighboring countries and also helps identify the most critical reasons that lead to cancellations in the different sectors.

Source: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 3rd Cyprus International Conference on Educational Research, CY-ICER 2014

This study is aimed at identifying the challenges in the delivery of social and economic infrastructures in the region through public private partnership procurement arrangements. It reviews current practices of public private partnerships in sub-Saharan Africa (based on past studies, reports and relevant policy documents) while using South Africa implementation process as case study for the region. The lack of capacity and policy direction, high participation costs, delays in negotiation and poor performance are among the challenges identified. The World Bank PPI database was used to measure the number and investments of private projects in developing countries, 1990 – 2011.

Source: South Asia Operational Knowledge Working Paper Series, No. 3, Asian Development Bank

This paper explains the key rating factors used by domestic credit rating agencies in the final rating determination and suggests methodologies that can help reduce procedural bottlenecks and boost credit availability in South Asia. The World PPI database is used to provide supporting data for the section on constraints faced by public-private partnership projects.

Source: Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 28 (1): 226–42.

The aim of this paper is to define the relevant criteria for the evaluation of public–private partnerships for the implementation of the management partnership model in Croatian seaports. The World Bank PPI database is used to assess private sector participation in ports in the last 20 years in developing countries. The results provide point out that technical-technological and organizational development are the key criteria for a successful partnership model.

Source: Transport Policy 22 (July): 36–48.

This study compared the use of public–private partnership (PPP) policy between high speed rail projects and general infrastructure projects. Based on extensive literature reviews, drivers for adopting PPP strategy, critical success factors, and preferred risk factor allocation were collected to design a structural questionnaire for professionals in Taiwan and to elicit their PPP project experience. The World Bank PPI database was referred to in estimating the number of countries inviting private participation in infrastructure projects.

Source: Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 6 (2): 149–66.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that determine Public Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure by using the World Bank PPI database for the period 1990-2008. The results suggest that large size and relatively higher income markets attract more PPP projects. The empirical evidence also suggests that macroeconomic stability, quality of regulation and governance are important factors in determining PPP in the infrastructure.

Source: The Journal of Development Studies 51 (4): 335–54.

This paper reviews the benefits and drawbacks of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and the experience to date, focusing in particular on developing economies. It uses the PPI database to analyze the pattern of PPP activity in the developing world. The paper argues that institutional capacity is a key determinant of PPP success and in mitigating potentially welfare-reducing contract renegotiations evident in the Latin American experience

Source: Journal of Management in Engineering 30 (6): 4014029.

An intensive public-private partnership (PPP) literature survey has been made to present the common success factors, risks, limitations, and challenges in Europe, the U.K., China, U.S., and Turkey as well as understanding the differences in the implementations. The World Bank PPI database was used to assess in which countries, within the Europe and the Central Asia region, are investments concentrated. The overall analysis pointed to the following major factors for successful PPP projects - a viable economic environment, proper contractual arrangements for appropriate risk allocation, well-established legal basis, public support, transparency, and a central unit to standardize the procedures.

Source: Proceedings in ARSA - Advanced Research in Scientific Areas, no. 1 (December).

The aim of this paper is to present the determinants of public–private partnership (PPP) influencing infrastructure development in Albania. The study conducts a comparative analysis of the countries in the region using data from the World Bank PPI database. The results show that macroeconomic stability and size of markets are important determinants of PPPs in infrastructure.

Source: Public Private Partnerships Body of Knowledge: International Conference 2013, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK , 18-20 March 2013

This conference paper is inspired by the existence of a large number of failed and flawed transportation public–private partnerships (PPPs) around the world, and investigates the cases of transportation PPPs failures observed in the past two decades, and evaluates the failure drivers, which caused the PPP failures. This research is based on case studies of failed transportation PPP projects around the world. The failure cases are identified through the World Bank PPI database and an extensive literature review.

This comprises a summary and analysis of a benchmark index and learning tool that assesses the capacity of countries in the Asia-Pacific region to carry out sustainable public-private infrastructure partnerships. Data for the quantitative indicators are drawn from the World Bank PPI database, and from the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Risk Briefing service.

This report is an informational tool and benchmarking index that assesses the capacity of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to carry out sustainable public-private partnerships in infrastructure. The indicator on quality of transport, water and electricity projects is based on data on distress and failure rates of concession projects in these sectors over the past 10 years, drawn from the World Bank PPI database and the observations by researchers in-country. The analysis and content of this index covers the period from May 2014 to August 2014.

Source: Development Policy Review 29 (1): 47–74.

This paper reviews the evidence (including results from the World Bank PPI database) and seeks to explain the results in terms of the high capital costs and low revenues that have necessitated public financing and risk-sharing, diluting private incentives and requiring regulation. It argues that the emphasis on strengthening weak regulatory capacities in poor countries is misplaced, because these are the outcome of the development process, and are constrained by technical capacities, informational problems and the resources available.

Source: Discussion Paper No 2014-15. Prepared for the Roundtable: Public Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure: Renegotiations, how to approach them and economic outcomes. 27-28 October 2014, George Mason University, Washington D.C., USA

The paper aims to assess the determinants of private financing of infrastructure in emerging markets and developing economies. The authors assemble a large panel of project-level technical and financial data (using the World Bank PPI database) and country-level economic, institutional, political, and governance variables to. The study shows that upstream “enabling” institutions, policies, and regulations and sector economics need to be addressed simultaneously to facilitate private infrastructure investment financing.

This paper examines how Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) partner with firms to lower the likelihood of project distress caused by ex-post recontracting between States and firms. Analysis is conducted using a sample of 2117 infrastructure projects from the World Bank PPI database, which include investments made from 1995 to 2009 and cover 45 developing countries. Empirical results provide evidence that private investment projects with MDB participation are less likely to be distressed.

Source: Energy Policy 39 (9): 5578–87.

This paper adopts an institutional approach and attempts to identify the political endowments of Turkey in order to further analyze whether the market reforms succeeded in bringing about sufficient checks to cure the institutional problems. It uses the World Bank PPI database to analyze the private investment flows in electricity in the different regions. The results show that the current regulatory structure, especially government–regulator relations, yet fails to meet good regulatory governance criteria.

Source: Journal of World Business 50 (2): 294–301.

This paper integrates transaction cost economics, bargaining model, and the institution-based view, to examine the bargaining process between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and host governments. Leveraging data from 113 emerging economies from the World Bank PPI database, the paper finds that the survival of MNE investments is dependent on the bargaining outcomes between MNE and host governments around investment location, governance structure, and host governments’ ownership of the private participation projects.

Source: Technical Notes. Inter-American Development Bank.

This paper explores the relationship between private sector participation, institutional reform, and performance of the electricity sector in 18 Latin American countries over the last four decades, using the World Bank PPI database. The results suggest that privatization is robustly associated with improvements in quality and efficiency, but not with accessibility to the service, and, that regulatory quality is strongly associated with better performance in terms of both quality and accessibility.

Source: Paper presented at RICS Cobra 2013, New Delhi, India.

This paper examines the relationship between institutional development and the delivery of Public-Private Infrastructure projects using case studies in three developing and transition economies in Africa: Kenya, Nigeria and Algeria. The case studies were selected from a wider study of developing nations using development classifications and data prepared by the World Economic Forum from 2005-2010, and the World Bank PPI database for the same period.

Source: Trabajo Presentado En El Seminario Del Departamento de Ciencia Política, UTDT, Buenos Aires.

The paper examines variation in the conditions for and longevity of private investment in thirty electricity and water utilities in Argentina after a deep crisis that triggered ‘obsolescing bargains.’ It argues that investors’ prior choices regarding portfolio structure affect their post-crisis experiences. The World Bank PPI database is used to estimate the number of privatized state enterprises in the two sectors in developing countries in the 1990s.

Source: Organization Science 17 (3): 402–14.

This paper examines how firms adjust their strategy for entering foreign markets in corrupt environments and how different types of corruption affect firms’ choices. Using data from the World Bank’s PPI Database on 220 telecommunications development projects in 64 emerging economies, the results show that firms adapt to the pressures of corruption via short-term contracting and entry into joint ventures.

Source: Urban Transport XXI, 146: 399–410

The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of institutional environment on the investment carried out through public–private partnerships in middle-and-low income countries for the period 1996–2011. This paper carries out a statistical analysis of the institutional environment indicators, and data of public–private investment in transport, for 80 countries, taken from the World Bank PPI database.

Source: Public Performance & Management Review 40 (2): 431–55.

This paper explores the impact of institutional quality on the expansion of public–private partnership (PPP) markets in developing countries. Panel regressions, on a sample of 83 developing countries for the period 1999– 2011 from the World Bank PPI database, provide evidence on the positive impact of judicial independence and regulatory quality in attracting private investors to PPP markets regardless of the degree of uncertainty in the exchange environment.

Source: Utilities Policy, Volume 37, 120-129

This study attempts to explore whether PPPs would genuinely bring efficiency gains in the delivery of public services or pose new challenges for the performance of public administration from a broader economic perspective, with a focus on Turkey which has a rich history of PPPs. The World Bank PPI database is used to compare PPP projects in Turkey with PPP projects in Europe and Central Asia and other major PPP players like Brazil and India

Source: Development Co-operation Directorate Working Paper, OECD Publishing.

This paper provides an overview of infrastructure projects with private investment in infrastructure based on data extracted from the World Bank PPI database. The data analysis by number of infrastructure projects with private participation shows that two thirds of projects are supported by multilateral development banks only. In terms of income levels, there is little support to projects in low-income countries, but the support is more or less equally divided between lower middle income countries and upper middle income countries.

Source: Asian Economic Policy Review 6 (2): 225–44.

New trends and challenges have been identified in areas such as the transformation of development aid, public–private partnerships (PPPs), and green finance. The paper draws on the World Bank PPI database to provide information on the PPP infrastructure finance trends. The paper argues that for various financial resources to bring about tangible benefits, policymakers should take account of complementarities and synergies among the full range of available financial resources.

This paper by Castalia evaluates whether and how International Finance Corporation's (IFC) activities in infrastructure in Africa have generated demonstration effects. The project database for each focus country was compiled from the World Bank PPI database and information from the IFC’s records to create an initial list of PPI activities from 1993 to 2009.

Source: OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 69, OECD Publishing.

The paper reviews a number of commercial and public data sources (including the World Bank PPI database) to examine their potential for increasing coverage and understanding of the volume and characteristics of private climate finance beyond renewable energy projects. The analysis finds that the reviewed databases capture a vast amount of at least partial data on private finance and investment in climate-relevant sectors.

Source: University of Manchester: Centre on Regulation and Competition.

This paper provides an empirical examination of the relationship between the quality of the regulatory framework and foreign direct investment (FDI) in infrastructure in middle and lower income developing countries during the period 1990 to 2002. Data on foreign (private) direct investment were obtained from the World Bank PPI database. The results confirm that FDI in infrastructure responded positively to an effective domestic regulatory framework.

Source: The Electricity Journal 24 (7): 57–82.

The authors focus on the timeframe 2000–2009, and utilize data from project level databases (Official Development Finance and the World Bank PPI database) and data from National Accounts (Gross Fixed Capital Formation and Foreign Direct Investments). A brief analysis of the current macro financial flows in the electricity and gas distribution sectors in developing countries suggests that the ‘funding gap’ is, at minimum, a factor of five less than that required for universal household access to electricity.

The future of infrastructure finance in Africa is at a crossroads. Traditional finance models have faltered in the wake of the global economic crisis, compounded by significant political and systemic obstacles that could derail a nascent recovery. The market for infrastructure finance has changed and will continue to evolve. This paper explores the recent gains that Africa has made to bridge the infrastructure gap, the challenges facing stakeholders and the outlook for the future. It uses the World Bank PPI database to analyze the trends in infrastructure spending.

Source: OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, No.36, OECD Publishing.

The paper focusses on the role of institutional investors and concludes that long term financing is constrained by the short-termism increasingly pervasive in capital markets as well as structural and policy barriers such as regulatory disincentives, lack of appropriate financing vehicles, limited investment and risk management expertise, transparency, viability issues and a lack of appropriate data and investment benchmarks for illiquid assets such as infrastructure. It refers to the World Bank PPI database when estimating the number of transport sector public–private partnerships in 1990-2011.

Source: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, No. 19, OECD Publishing, Paris.

The objective of this study is to take stock of support by bilateral and multilateral donors for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure. The World Bank PPI database was used to estimate the distribution of the financing of infrastructure projects by donors and domestic lenders (2008-2012), the types of projects invested in as well as the different participation modalities. The results of the study indicate that official development finance for infrastructure is increasing, with a sizable proportion disbursed to support the private sector directly.

Source: European Academic Research 1 (2): 169–84.

The purpose of the study is to show the importance of using project finance in infrastructure investments in developing countries. The paper focusses on only the energy sector and uses data of some projects in central and eastern European countries from the World Bank PPI database. It finds that the propensity of firms to use project finance is high and statistically significant when large sunk investments have state owned primary buyer firms in risky countries.

Source: Utilities Policy 19 (2): 104–14.

Using data on public procurement auctions for water and sewage projects in developing countries, this paper shows that bidder entry is crucially endogenous, especially because it is determined by the auctioneer's bundling and unbundling strategy. Using the World Bank PPI database, it finds that the top 10 percent largest firms are awarded about half of total infrastructure public–private partnership contracts.

Source: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 137 (7): 498–511.

The principal objective of this research is to identify combinations of country, project, and stakeholder factors that are associated with the emergence of legal and political conflict within natural gas and oil pipeline projects and water supply concessions and leases. The analysis includes data from 26 infrastructure projects spanning 31 countries. The water-supply sector cases were drawn from two databases - the World Bank’s PPI database and the Project Finance International project database. Overall, the study findings suggest that several factors associated with conflict in infrastructure projects can be minimized with careful project design.

Source: Local Government Studies 39 (3): 312–31.

The paper investigates the effects of demand risk allocation on the accountability of procuring authorities regarding consumers changing demand, as well as on the cost-reducing effort incentives of the private public-service provider. It shows that contracts in which the private provider bears demand risk motivate more the public authority from responding to customer needs. Data from the World Bank PPI database was used to analyze which type of contractual form was predominantly used in LAC between 1990 and 2000.

Source: China Economic Review 39 (July): 63–76.

Very little is known about whether or not public–private partnerships (PPPs) are more efficient than pure-public or pure-private modes. Using data from the World Bank PPI database and “China Statistical Yearbook”, this paper improves the understanding of public–private capital structures, provides some theoretical considerations as well as empirical evidence that private participation affects PPPs cost through the knowledge-transfer effect and the cost-increase effect.

Source: Energy Economics 49 (May): 660–68.

This article explores, and empirically tests, that, in less developed countries, the independent power producers have an incentive to overstate the investment cost as an instrument to mitigate the country risk in greenfield electricity generation project. The World Bank PPI Database is used as the main source of the initial list of projects and their basic information.

Source: Maritime Policy & Management 39 (1): 7–26.

The paper examines geographical differences in concessioning processes, the growth of competitive tendering, the reasons for multi-company ownership of many terminal concessions, the dominant role of shipping lines and global terminal operators, and the sale and purchase of stakes in terminal concessions after they have been awarded. The data is drawn mainly from the World Bank PPI database for individual terminals and terminal operators.