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Last data update: November, 2009
Other Resources
Over the last fifteen years, governments around the world pursued policies to involve
the private sector in the delivery and financing of infrastructure services. Private
participation in infrastructure (PPI) and reforms were driven by the high costs
and poor performance of state-owned network utilities. The scale of this move away
from the dominant public sector model was far more rapid than had been anticipated
at the start of the 1990s with investment flows peaked at US$114 billion in 1997.
But they sharply fall after that, and recently recovered.
The following resources aim at providing the broader context in which the data collected
by the PPI Project database have taken place. The resources include toolkits to
design PPI schemes, websites that contains papers discussing PPI issues or transaction
information, and selected reading lists of papers dealing with private participation
in the different infrastructure sectors, and reviewing country or project level
experiences.
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Water Papers
This reading list includes papers reviewing experiences with private participation in water and sewerage and reviewing some country or project experiences.
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Argentina: The Salta Water Public-Private Partnership
Author:
Gustavo Saltiel and Nicole Maywah
Source:
En breve No. 102, the World Bank, February 2007
The note explains that a number of considerations embedded in the contract and the Government's continuous commitment to make the Salta Water Public-Private Partnership (PPP) sustainable in the long-term have contributed to its survival when others in Argentina failed. Coordination across government levels and ministries, practical pro-poor measures to expand service and a flexible contract were major reasons why this concession succeeded. The Provincial Government's stability and continuous finance of subsidies and the investment program have also been factors in the concession's success. The authors point out the lessons learned from the Salta Water PPP.
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The exit of international water private operators in Latin America
Author:
Jorge Ducci
Source:
IADB (in Spanish), February 2007
Many of international water operators, which were operating water and sewerage services in Latin America, withdrew from the region during the first five years of the new millennium. The study examines the causes and consequences of the withdrawal international water operators in 14 cases in five countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela) as well as in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. The study finds different reasons explained the departure. For some international water operators, the withdrawal was driven by their refocusing in their local and regional markets. In these cases, the exit was planned with investments sold to local investors. In other cases, the exit resulted from changes in sectoral policies or social and political conflicts caused by tariff increases, perception of lack of transparency in the biddings, among other problems. The study indicates that it is unlikely that international operators return to the region in the short term, but local and regional operators are emerging and filling the gap.
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Financial Structuring of Infrastructure Projects in Public-Private Partnerships: An Application to Water Projects
Author:
Antonio Vives, Angela M. Paris, Juan Benavides, Peter D. Raymond, Darío Quiroga and Javier Marcus
Source:
Inter-American Development Bank and PricewaterhouseCoopers October, 2006
This report provides an approach and a set of tools for the financial structuring of public-private partnership projects, with a particular focus on water and sanitation projects. The analytical framework arose from the experience and insight of investors, lenders, governments, advisors, and Inter-American Development Bank staff and focused on the Latin America’s experience. The framework is meant to serve as a guide to governments and investors in evaluating different options to establish a successful public-private partnership, considering the political and economic realities of each country and the risk mitigation tools that can be implemented. Although case studies and examples are from the water and sanitation sector, the framework could be used in other infrastructure sectors. The water sector because it is more complex because of political and social considerations and the sector decentralization.
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Engaging Local Private Operators in Water Supply and Sanitation Services: Initial Lessons from Emerging Experience in Cambodia, Colombia, Paraguay, The Philippines, and Uganda
Author:
Thelma Triche, Sixto Requena, and Mukami Kariuki
Source:
Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Working Note, Paper No. 12, The World Bank, Sept 2006
This paper examines the experience of developing local private sector participation (PSP) in small and medium-size towns in Cambodia, Colombia, Paraguay, The Philippines, and Uganda. The paper, which reviews schemes supported by the World Bank, summarizes information on the contracts and the selection process, extracts lessons learned to date from the cases, and recommends follow-up activities to address some key issues and fill gaps that were identified in the course of the study. An overarching lesson from this study is that innovation and adaptation are essential to the successful introduction of local PSP. Designing interventions that include a process of innovation, adaptation, and refinement is the first step in ensuring that contracts are tailored to local characteristics and conditions.
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Using Management and Lease-affermage Contracts for Water Supply: How Effective are They in Improving Service Delivery?
Author:
Klas Ringskog, Mary Ellen Hammond, and Alain Locussol
Source:
Gridlines No. 12, Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), Sept 2006
As governments in developing countries seek to expand access to water supply and improve the quality of service, they are considering a range of options for public-private partnerships. Yet proposals to involve the private sector have often met with concerns—about tariff hikes, staff cutbacks, and ability to reduce inefficiency and expand access to service among the poor. And experience with the more than 300 contracts bringing private operators into water supply in 1990–2004 has been mixed. How have water utilities performed under management and lease-affermage contracts? Eight case studies across developing regions show that performance has generally improved—across a range of measures.
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Financing Water Supply and Sanitation Investments: Utilizing Risk Mitigation Instruments to Bridge the Financing Gap
Author:
Aldo Baietti and Peter Raymond
Source:
Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series , Paper No. 4, January 2005
This paper attempts to offer observations on what can be done to move the water and sewerage sector's finance agenda forward. It focuses on the deployment of risk mitigation instruments and guarantees to facilitate private participation and the role of International financial institutions (IFIs).
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Private Sector Participation in Water and Wastewater Services in Central and Eastern Europe, Brief Case Studies: Sofia and Brno
Author:
Chris Shugart
Source:
World Bank, Washington, D.C., December 2004
This paper provides two case studies of private sector participation (PSP) in water and wastewater services. The case studies have been presented in an attempt to portray an objective summary of the facts related to the two cases, in hope that the reader will be able to draw their own conclusions. The focus of the paper is the regulation of PSP arrangements and the important and complicated interplay between formal institutions and informal influences.
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Ten Years of Water Service Reform in Latin America: Toward an Anglo-French Model
Author:
Vivien Foster
Source:
Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 3, January 2005.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a synthesis and evaluation of the reform experience in the Latin American water supply industry during the eventful decade of the 1990s.
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Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal
Author:
Clarissa Brocklehurst and Jan G. Janssens
Source:
Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series , Paper No. 1, January 2004
This paper analyzes a successful reform process in Senegal . It concludes that the primary factors which contributed to the success of the reform process and the strengthening of the urban water sector were the use of a particularly appropriate form of contract; strong political will and good leadership within the government; a well designed process; and flexibility and innovation when it was needed.
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Private participation in water and sewerage service provision in Cartagena de Indias
Author:
Paulina Beato and Javier Diaz
Source:
Sustainable development department, IADB (in Spanish), April 2003
This article summarizes the experience of Cartagena city in bringing the private sector in the provision of water services and reviews the provision of services under the private sector from 1994 to 2002. The first part presents the institutional framework of the sector in Colombia , including sector decentralization, institutional framework, and tariff regulation. The second part reviews sector situation before bringing the private sector. In the third part describes the process of incorporating the private sector (Aguas de Barcelona) in service provision. Subsequently the study analyzes the mixed scheme of public-private participation in the provision of water and sewerage services, investments plan, IADB and World Bank's support, and service provision. Finally, the study presents lessons learned.
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Private participation in water and sewerage service provision in Guayaquil, Ecuador
Author:
Javier Diaz
Source:
Sustainable development department, IADB (in Spanish), June 2003
This article summarizes the experience of Guayaquil city in bringing the private sector in the provision of water services, and reviews the main features of concession contract. It presents the conditions service provision before the reform and analyzes the tender process as well as the concession contract. It also reviews mechanisms used to minimize the social costs of required tariff adjustments. Finally, the study presents lessons learned.
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Private participation in water and sewerage service provision in Salta province, Argentina
Author:
Gustavo Saltiel
Source:
Sustainable development department, IADB (in Spanish), April 2003
This study analyzes the process of bringing private sector participation in the water and sewerage utility of Salta Province and its impact in service provision between 1998 and 2002. It reviews the legal bases of concession agreement, the main features of the concession process, the regulatory framework and regulator functions. The paper also reviews consumption subsidies in place and discusses how to integrate additional municipalities into the concession contract. Finally, the study presents the impact of the concession and lessons learned.
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participación del sector privado en los servicios de agua y saneamiento en San Pedro Sula, Honduras
Author:
Javier Diaz
Source:
Sustainable development department, IADB (in Spanish), April 2003
This study analyzes the reform process to bring private participation into in water and sewerage provision in the municipal of San Pedro Sula . The paper reviews the sector situation before the reform, analyzes the tender process to grant the water concession and other key aspects of the reform, and finally reviews the impact of the concession on service provision and financial health of the water utility
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New designs for water and sanitation transactions: Making private sector participation work for the poor
Author:
Barbara Evans
Source:
PPIAF and WSP, May 2002
This document summarize the discussion of the 2000 conference of the Water and Sanitation Program to enhance the capacity of both economic and transaction advisers (building on their legal, regulatory, and contractual perspective) and water and sanitation professionals (building on their poverty reduction perspective) to develop new designs for water and sanitation transactions. This document provides some principles and guidelines which could be used as a cross-check to ensure that transaction designers deal with the poor explicitly and sympathetically in each individual case.
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Water Concessions: Who Wins, Who Loses, and What To Do About It
Author:
Caroline van den Berg
Source:
Public Policy Journal No. 217, the World Bank, October 2000
Water concessions create value by boosting service coverage and quality, and by improving the efficiency of utility operations. Who wins, who loses, and by how much from these concessions depends on how the contract is designed and regulated. This Note proposes a simple exercise in modeling the distribution of benefits before a contract is awarded as a way to avoid later problems with skewed distribution of benefits.
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Expanding Water and Sanitation Services to Low-Income Households: The Case of the La Paz-El Alto Concession
Author:
Kristin Komives and Penelope J. Brook
Source:
Public Policy Journal No. 178, the World Bank, April 1999
Bolivia 's first major contract for private participation in the water sector was implemented in 1997. This was a twenty-five-year concession for the neighboring cities of La Paz and El Alto. To date the La Paz-El Alto concessionaire has met its service expansion obligations. But certain features of the contract could make it unnecessarily difficult to achieve the broad objective of universal service--as well as unnecessarily painful for some households. This Note explains why.
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Management Contracts in Water and Sanitation - Gaza's Experience
Author:
Jamal Saghir, Elisabeth Sherwood, and Andrew Macoun
Source:
Public Policy Journal No. 177, the World Bank, April 1999
In 1996 a management contract was awarded to help the local government service providers and the Palestinian Water Authority improve water service. Since the contract became active, water quality has improved, water losses have fallen, and consumption and revenues have increased. Despite the improved performance, the management contract has illustrated some of the limitations of this approach to private participation in water supply. This Note reviews the contract design and discusses the lessons.
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Management Contracts and Water Utilities: The Case of Monagas State in Venezuela
Author:
Manuel Marino, John Stein, and Francisco Wulff
Source:
Public Policy Journal No. 166, the World Bank, December 1998
The management contract for water and sanitation services in the Venezuelan state of Monagas, awarded in early 1997 to a Spanish firm, is one of very few signed and active management contracts in the water sector. The early operational results are very positive, and the experience sheds light on when a management contract is the right choice, how it should be designed to introduce the right incentives for the contractor and the public representatives, and what steps to take in awarding it.
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